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A basic conversion specifier (as opposed to a full conversion specifier, which may contain a mapping key as well; see 4 for more information) consists of the items that follow. Note here that the order is crucial. The % character. This marks the beginning of the conversion specifier. Conversion flags (optional). These may be either -, indicating left alignment; +, indicating that a sign should precede the converted value; (a space character), indicating that a space should precede positive numbers; or 0, indicating that the conversion should be zero-padded. The minimum field width (optional). The converted string will be at least this wide. If this is an * (asterisk), the width will be read from the value tuple. A . (dot) followed by the precision (optional). If a real number is converted, this many decimals should be shown. If a string is converted, this number is that maximum field width. If this is an * (asterisk), the precision will be read from the value tuple. The conversion type (see Table 3-1).

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In addition to sketching variety across slides from the same column of Act II, you also want to sketch variety across the columns of the presentation. You don t have to worry about how you ll do this it will happen automatically as a result of the way you approach the sketching process in 7. But it s important to know what s happening in terms of variety as you sketch your storyboard. For example, the Explanation slides shown earlier in Figure 6-12 will not appear in direct sequence in the storyboard because they will be broken up by their subsequent Detail slides. However, you do still want to tell this visual story across these Explanation slides even when they are broken up by the Detail slides, as shown in Figure 6-13.

{"a"=>100}

It s possible to have hashes (or, indeed, any sort of object) within hashes, and even arrays within hashes, within hashes! Because everything is an object and hashes and arrays can contain any other objects, there exists the ability to create giant tree structures with hashes and arrays. Here s a demonstration:

FIGURE 6-13 Telling the story across each of the three slides from the Explanation column, even though they are separated in sequence by the slides from the Detail column.

people = { 'fred' => { 'name' => 'Fred Elliott', 'age' => 63, 'gender' => 'male', 'favorite painters' => ['Monet', 'Constable', 'Da Vinci'] }, 'janet' => { 'name' => 'Janet S Porter',

The simple conversion, with only a conversion type, is really easy to use: >>> 'Price of eggs: $%d' % 42 'Price of eggs: $42' >>> 'Hexadecimal price of eggs: %x' % 42 'Hexadecimal price of eggs: 2a' >>> from math import pi >>> 'Pi: %f...' % pi 'Pi: 3.141593...' >>> 'Very inexact estimate of pi: %i' % pi 'Very inexact estimate of pi: 3' >>> 'Using str: %s' % 42L 'Using str: 42' >>> 'Using repr: %r' % 42L 'Using repr: 42L' For a list of all conversion types, see Table 3-1.

'age' => 55, 'gender' => 'female' } } puts people['fred']['age'] puts people['janet']['gender'] puts people['janet'].inspect

63 female {"name"=>"Janet S Porter", "gender"=>"female", "age"=>55}

6

Although the structure of the hash looks a little confusing at first, it becomes reasonably easy when you break it down into sections. The 'fred' and 'janet' sections are simple hashes of their own, but they re wrapped up into another giant hash assigned to people. In the code that queries the giant hash, you simply chain the lookups on top of each other, as with puts people['fred']['age']. First it gets people['fred'], which returns Fred s hash, and then you request ['age'] from that, yielding the result of 63. Even the array embedded within Fred s hash is easy to access:

puts people['fred']['favorite painters'].length puts people['fred']['favorite painters'].join(", ")

In the sequence of slides as they appear in this example, you introduce the rst Explanation slide and then follow the idea with its three Detail slides. You then present the second Explanation slide and follow the idea with its three Detail slides. This backand-forth technique is helpful to your audience because with the rst Explanation slide, you summarize what you are about to tell them, and then with the Detail slides, you do the actual telling. As you write out the narration in the notes area on the Explanation slides, you likewise should summarize the Detail slides to follow. Think of the slides as cognitive stepping stones that are guiding and supporting the working memory of the audience along their path of understanding.